Basal Cell Carcinoma: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

Basal cell carcinoma is a type of cancer affecting your skin. As the name indicates, basal cell cancer develops in the basal cells of your skin. You may be aware that the outer layer of your skin is called the epidermis. Cells found in the lower part of the epidermis are called basal cells. These cells are primarily responsible for the replacement of old cells with new cells. In this type of cancer, your basal cells continue to grow in an uncontrolled manner.

When basal cell carcinoma affects these cells, it results in the development of tumors on the surface of your skin. You can see these tumors in the form of bumps, red patches or scars. At the onset of this condition, you may see a transparent bump formed on the surface of your skin. Basal cell cancer most commonly affects your neck and head as these parts are exposed to the sun. Prolonged exposure to ultraviolet radiation results in this cancer. Using sunscreens and avoiding sun exposure can reduce the risk of skin cancer.

According to a report, it is the most prevalent type of skin cancer affecting people globally. What may be good to know is that the percentage of skin cancer in India is less than 1% [1]. There is a higher prevalence of basal cell cancer in Western countries, as per a study [2]. When you are aware of the symptoms and types of basal cell carcinoma, it helps in the early diagnosis of this condition. Timely diagnosis of basal cell cancer helps cure the condition. To know more about the types, causes, symptoms and basal cell carcinoma treatment, read on.

Types of Basal Cell Carcinoma 

Here are the four different types you should know.

In the nodular type, there is a growth of a transparent nodule. When this nodule increases beyond 1cm, it may break which causes ulcer formation. This type occurs most commonly on your face.

The second type is called superficial spreading basal cell carcinoma. It occurs most commonly on your upper back. It is characterized by the formation of pink and shallow plaques. Since these lesions are soft, a minor scratch can result in bleeding.

In the pigmented type, you can see the formation of pigmented nodules on the skin. These pigments develop around the base of nodules.

The last type is called sclerosing basal cell carcinoma. During its early stage, there is a development of a white scar on your skin. The scar, which is small at the start, expands slowly. This type occurs commonly on the face.

Be aware of these types of cancer. If you notice any unusual changes in your skin, visit a skin specialist to rule out any possibility of skin cancer.

Causes of Basal Cell Carcinoma 

The main cause of basal cell cancer is the prolonged exposure to UV radiation. This type of cancer develops when the DNA in basal cells undergoes mutation. Since basal cells are involved in producing new cells, it is the DNA which instructs the cells to multiply. When the mutation happens in DNA, basal cells begin to multiply and grow in an uncontrolled manner. This process results in the formation of basal cell cancer. Ultraviolet light from tanning lamps can also cause this cancer type.

Symptoms of Basal Cell Carcinoma 

Check these warning signs and consult a doctor without any delay. 

• Presence of red patches on the skin mimicking eczema 
• Formation of scars on the skin 
• Itchiness on the skin 
• Appearance of nodules with blood vessels 
• Presence of a waxy growth on the skin 
• Development of a small bump that gradually increases in size 

Diagnosis of Basal Cell Carcinoma 

A skin specialist such as a dermatologist examines your patches and scars throughout the body. If there is any abnormal growth on the skin, you’ll have to undergo a biopsy. A biopsy is a procedure in which the doctor extracts a skin tissue from your skin lesion for a further detailed examination. Your doctor may also inquire about your medical history and family history of cancer. Based on the investigation report, your doctor prescribes a suitable basal cell carcinoma treatment plan. This may usually be in consultation with a cancer specialist.

Basal Cell Carcinoma Treatment 

Basal cell carcinoma treatment depends on various factors such as age, health conditions, cancer type and spread of cancer. One standard basal cell carcinoma treatment method is electrodesiccation and curettage. This method involves the removal of lesions using a curette. Then, the area affected by basal cell carcinoma is burnt using a specific electric needle. This treatment plan is ideal for small lesions. Remember, if the extent of cancer is severe, this method may not work.

There are surgery procedures for treating basal cell carcinoma too. In excisional surgery, the tumor and the area surrounding it are removed. After the excision, the area is closed using surgery. Another procedure, Mohs micrographic surgery, involves the removal of the tissue layer with cancerous growth. After mapping it under a microscope, the surgeon applies the same technique to the exact location of the tumor.

A few other methods of treatment include. 

• Applying lasers 
• Using chemotherapy medications 
• Executing photodynamic therapy 

Reducing your exposure to ultraviolet light is the best way to reduce the risk of basal cell carcinoma. In case of regular sun exposure, make sure to use sunscreen. Avoid stepping out during the hottest hours of the day. If you notice any unusual changes on the skin, meet a specialist and undergo different tests for cancer. Be it any skin conditions like keratosis pilaris or eczema, meet a dermatologist without any delay. Connect to top skin specialists on Bajaj Finserv Health and get a doctor consultation via the app or website. Solve all your skin problems and nip them right in the bud!